{"id":2544,"date":"2015-06-10T09:31:19","date_gmt":"2015-06-10T09:31:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/?p=2544"},"modified":"2015-06-10T09:31:19","modified_gmt":"2015-06-10T09:31:19","slug":"tao-teh-ching-inconsistancies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/?p=2544","title":{"rendered":"Tao Teh Ching: Inconsistancies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I&#8217;ve been taking the lazy man&#8217;s approach to researching the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tao_Te_Ching\" target=\"_blank\">\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93 (Tao Teh Ching)<\/a> by listening to this lecture found on youtube:<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/videoseries?list=PLkJqPxKYy9p03FUqQhm6Onv0_r8dz9aP5\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><br \/>\nAnd this is where the dilemma with ancient texts begin&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>You see, after years and years of hand-copying a classic like this, some inconsistent variations have come about.<br \/>\n<H1>\u6545\u80fd\u853d\u4e0d\u65b0\u6210 vs \u6545\u80fd\u853d\u800c\u65b0\u6210<\/H1><br \/>\nAccording to the lecturer \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef, cited a passage as \u300c\u6545\u80fd\u853d\u800c\u65b0\u6210\u300d(03:13:04).<br \/>\nBut <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText.org<\/a> has it as \u300c<a href=\"http:\/\/ctext.org\/dao-de-jing\" target=\"_blank\">\u6545\u80fd\u853d\u4e0d\u65b0\u6210<\/a>\u300d.<\/p>\n<p>I did a quick search, and found these entries:<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/xuqing111.blogspot.com\/2012\/07\/blog-post_16.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/xuqing111.blogspot.com\/2012\/07\/blog-post_16.html<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.daodejing.org\/15.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.daodejing.org\/15.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Both acknowledged the existence of the other passages, but didn&#8217;t exactly say why they think one is the definitive answer over the other. Very <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tao\" target=\"_blank\">\u9053<\/a> of them to do.<\/p>\n<p><H1>\u4e0d\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b vs \u4e0b\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b<\/H1><br \/>\nThen there are the other inconsistencies&#8230;<br \/>\n\u300c\u4e0b\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b\u300d=The [common] people at the base know of him [the leader]<br \/>\n\u300c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b\u300d=They did not know of him [the leader]<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.chineseclassic.com\/content\/1687\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.chineseclassic.com\/content\/1687<\/a><br \/>\nHas it as \u300c\u4e0b\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b\u300d. However&#8230;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.xuite.net\/erickhera.tw\/nomore\/209678743-17%E3%80%90%E5%BE%90%E5%9F%B9%E5%89%9B%E5%90%91%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%8B%E9%81%93%EF%BC%8C(%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93)%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E7%AB%A0%E5%BF%83%E5%BE%97%E3%80%91%E3%80%8C%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E6%9C%89%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E5%85%B6%E6%AC%A1%EF%BC%8C%E8%A6%AA%E8%80%8C%E8%AD%BD%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E5%85%B6%E6%AC%A1%EF%BC%8C%E7%95%8F%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E5%85%B6%E6%AC%A1%EF%BC%8C%E4%BE%AE%E4%B9%8B%E3%80%82%E4%BF%A1%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%E7%84%89%EF%BC%8C%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E7%84%89%E3%80%82%E6%82%A0%E5%85%AE%E5%85%B6%E8%B2%B4%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8C%E5%8A%9F%E6%88%90%E4%BA%8B%E9%81%82%EF%BC%8C%E7%99%BE%E5%A7%93%E7%9A%86%E8%AC%82%E6%88%91%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E3%80%82\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/blog.xuite.net\/erickhera.tw\/nomore\/209678743-\u5f90\u57f9\u525b\u5411\u8001\u5b50\u8acb\u9053\uff0c(\u9053\u5fb7\u7d93)\u7b2c\u5341\u4e03\u7ae0\u5fc3\u5f97\u3011\u300c\u592a\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u89aa\u800c\u8b7d\u4e4b\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u754f\u4e4b\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4fae\u4e4b\u3002\u4fe1\u4e0d\u8db3\u7109\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7109\u3002\u60a0\u516e\u5176\u8cb4\u8a00\uff0c\u529f\u6210\u4e8b\u9042\uff0c\u767e\u59d3\u7686\u8b02\u6211\u81ea\u7136\u3002<\/a> has it as \u300c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6709\u4e4b\u300d, which matches what Mr. \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef said in his lecture. However, he also acknowledged in his lecture, of the former example. And, that site with a non-SEO-friendly URL also had a picture of the passage using \u4e0b instead of \u4e0d.<\/p>\n<p><HR><br \/>\n\u6545\u4ee4\u6709\u6240\u5c6c\uff1a\u898b\u7d20\u62b1\u6a38\uff0c\u5c11\u79c1\u5be1\u6b32\u3002<BR><br \/>\n\u7d55\u5b78\u7121\u6182\uff0c\u552f\u4e4b\u8207\u963f\uff0c\u76f8\u53bb\u5e7e\u4f55\uff1f <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u6545\u4ee4\u6709\u6240\u5c6c\uff1a\u898b\u7d20\u62b1\u6a38\uff0c\u5c11\u79c1\u5be1\u6b32\uff0c\u7d55\u5b78\u7121\u6182\u3002<BR><br \/>\n\u552f\u4e4b\u8207\u963f\uff0c\u76f8\u53bb\u5e7e\u4f55\uff1f <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>The other problem with the Chinese language, is the lack of punctuation and spacing. Until the 20th century, when language reform took place, there was none of that. Everybody understood the texts &#8220;in context&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Which is why we&#8217;re not sure where that phrase \u300c\u7d55\u5b78\u7121\u6182\u300dis supposed to go. Even those commas, periods, spaces and colons featured above are estimates to help modern scholars take in words better, but can basically be moved around to get another meaning.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u7368<i>\u6015<\/>\u516e\u5176\u672a\u5146\uff1b\u5982\u5b30\u5152\u4e4b\u672a\u5b69&#8230; <b>\u6c8c\u6c8c\u516e<\/b>\uff0c\u4fd7\u4eba\u662d\u662d\uff0c\u6211\u7368<i>\u82e5<\/i>\u660f&#8230;\u8846\u4eba\u7686\u6709\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u7368\u9811<i>\u4f3c<\/i>\u9119 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u6211\u7368<i>\u6cca<\/>\u516e\u5176\u672a\u5146\uff1b<b>\u6c8c\u6c8c\u516e<\/b>\u5982\u5b30\u5152\u4e4b\u672a\u5b69&#8230; \uff0c\u4fd7\u4eba\u662d\u662d\uff0c\u6211\u7368<i>\u660f<\/i>\u660f&#8230;\u8846\u4eba\u7686\u6709\u4ee5\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u7368\u9811<i>\u4f3c<\/i>\u9119 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Then, there&#8217;s the next line, where every line has one word different:<br \/>\n\u552f <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u60df <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>I guess both can be used as &#8220;only&#8221;, but \u552f may also be used under certain contexts as an affirmative (which in this line, it doesn&#8217;t). \u60df can be used as a contrasting conjunction &#8220;but&#8221;, or can mean to &#8220;think&#8221; (as in \u601d\u7dad\uff0f\u601d\u60df).<\/p>\n<p>\u6545\u9053\u5927\uff0c\u5929\u5927\uff0c\u5730\u5927\uff0c<i>\u738b<\/i>\u4ea6\u5927 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u6545\u9053\u5927\uff0c\u5929\u5927\uff0c\u5730\u5927\uff0c<i>\u4eba<\/i>\u4ea6\u5927 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Now at this point, this is where I start to question the copy that CText has. Because their passage has \u738b (King) being of great importance, while \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef has \u4eba as one of the big elements. The latter would actually seem to be fitting of what everyone knows as <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laozi\" target=\"_blank\">\u8001\u5b50 (Lao Tau)<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_liberal_theorists\" target=\"_blank\">classical liberalism<\/a>. So putting a \u738b (King) &#8211;the symbol of hierarchy and power&#8211; as opposed to the common \u4eba (people) would go against this ideal.<\/p>\n<p>And in this following passage&#8230;<br \/>\n\u91cd\u70ba\u8f15\u6839\uff0c\u975c\u70ba\u8e81\u541b\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u7d42\u65e5\u884c\u4e0d\u96e2\u8f1c\u91cd\u3002<s>\u96d6\u6709\u69ae\u89c0\uff0c\u71d5\u8655\u8d85\u7136\u3002\u5948\u4f55\u842c\u4e58\u4e4b\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u8eab\u8f15\u5929\u4e0b\uff1f<\/s>\u8f15\u5247\u5931\u672c\uff0c\u8e81\u5247\u5931\u541b\u3002<br \/>\nThe portion that&#8217;s crossed out is interesting. Because the origins of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laozi\" target=\"_blank\">\u8001\u5b50<\/a> have been a mystery. No one knows for sure who this guy is or where he was born. However, within the crossed-out passage, there&#8217;s a reference to \u842c\u4e58 (10,000 chariots). This would have meant that he couldn&#8217;t have been an early <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spring_and_Autumn_period\" target=\"_blank\">\u6625\u79cb (Spring-Autumn) Period<\/a>, which was the earlier half of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhou_dynasty#Eastern_Zhou\" target=\"_blank\">\u6771\u5468 (Eastern Zhou)<\/a> dynasty. To have as many as \u842c\u4e58 (10,000 chariots), would mean it couldn&#8217;t have been the early stages of that period, where there was a lot of little countries; it had to be the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warring_States_period\" target=\"_blank\">\u6230\u570b\u6642\u4ee3 (Warring States Period)<\/a>, where most of the small countries were defeated, and absorbed into other nations, where fighting was fierce and required that sort of manpower. UNLESS, you believe that the words that were struck out were actually from <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Han_Fei\" target=\"_blank\">\u97d3\u975e (Han Fei)<\/a>&#8216;s <a href=\"https:\/\/zh.wikisource.org\/zh-hant\/\u97d3\u975e\u5b50\/\u55bb\u8001\" target=\"_blank\">\u55bb\u8001 (Lao Tau Annotations)<\/a> that somehow made it into the original.<\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u5176\u767d\uff0c\u5b88\u5176<i>\u9ed1<\/i> <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u77e5\u5176\u767d\uff0c\u5b88\u5176<i>\u8fb1<\/i> <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1 \u8fb1 Even though one literally means &#8220;black&#8221; and the other literally means &#8220;to insult\/disgrace&#8221;, in this case, the latter word carries connotations towards the color black, so the meaning is the same according to \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef.<\/p>\n<p>\u5c07\u6b32\u53d6\u5929\u4e0b\u800c\u70ba\u4e4b\uff0c\u543e\u898b\u5176\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u3002\u5929\u4e0b\u795e\u5668\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u70ba\u4e5f\uff0c\u70ba\u8005\u6557\u4e4b\uff0c\u57f7\u8005\u5931\u4e4b\u3002<i>\u6545<\/i>\u7269\u6216\u884c\u6216\u96a8\uff1b\u6216\u6b54\u6216\u5439\uff1b\u6216\u5f37\u6216\u7fb8\uff1b\u6216\u632b\u6216\u96b3\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u53bb\u751a\uff0c\u53bb\u5962\uff0c\u53bb\u6cf0\u3002 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u5c07\u6b32\u53d6\u5929\u4e0b\u800c\u70ba\u4e4b\uff0c\u543e\u898b\u5176\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u3002\u5929\u4e0b\u795e\u5668\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u70ba\u4e5f\uff0c<B>[\u4e0d\u53ef\u57f7\u4e5f\u3002]<\/B>\u70ba\u8005\u6557\u4e4b\uff0c\u57f7\u8005\u5931\u4e4b\u3002<B>[\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u7121\u70ba\uff0c\u6545\u7121\u6557\uff1b\u7121\u57f7\uff0c\u7121\u5931\u3002<\/B> <i>\u592b<\/i>\u7269\u6216\u884c\u6216\u96a8\uff1b\u6216\u6b54\u6216\u5439\uff1b\u6216\u5f37\u6216\u7fb8\uff1b\u6216\u632b\u6216\u96b3\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u53bb\u751a\uff0c\u53bb\u5962\uff0c\u53bb\u6cf0\u3002 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p><HR><br \/>\nNow, we have the same passage, but back to the punctuation issue again&#8230;<br \/>\n\u5927\u9053<i>\u6c4e<\/i>\u516e\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u5de6\u53f3 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u5927\u9053<i>\u6c3e<\/i>\u516e\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u5de6\u53f3 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>And here&#8217;s another one-word difference:<br \/>\n\u9053\u5e38\u7121\u540d\u3002\u6a38\u96d6\u5c0f\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u83ab\u80fd\u81e3\u4e5f\u3002<br \/>\n\u842c\u7269\u6043\u4e4b\u800c\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u8fad\uff0c\u529f\u6210\u4e0d\u540d\u6709\u3002<br \/>\n\u8863\u990a\u842c\u7269\u800c\u4e0d\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c<b>\u5e38\u7121\u6b32\uff0c<\/b>\u53ef\u540d\u65bc\u5c0f <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u9053\u5e38\u7121\u540d\u3002\u6a38\u3002\u96d6\u5c0f\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u83ab\u80fd\u81e3\u4e5f\u3002<br \/>\n\u842c\u7269\u6043\u4e4b\u800c\u751f\u800c\u4e0d\u8fad\uff0c\u529f\u6210\u4e0d\u540d\u6709\u3002<br \/>\n\u8863\u990a\u842c\u7269\u800c\u4e0d\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u53ef\u540d\u65bc\u5c0f <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\n\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef actually places brackets around \u5e38\u7121\u6b32\uff0c, because he believes it shouldn&#8217;t be in there, but people still include it. He believes this was added later on.<\/p>\n<p>And here&#8217;s another one-word difference:<br \/>\n\u6614\u4e4b\u5f97\u4e00\u8005\uff1a\u5929\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u6e05\uff1b\u5730\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u5be7\uff1b<br \/>\n\u795e\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u9748\uff1b\u8c37\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u76c8\uff1b<br \/>\n\u842c\u7269\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u751f\uff1b\u4faf\u738b\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u70ba\u5929\u4e0b<i>\u8c9e<\/i> <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u6614\u4e4b\u5f97\u4e00\u8005\uff1a\u5929\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u6e05\uff1b\u5730\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u5be7\uff1b<br \/>\n\u795e\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u9748\uff1b\u8c37\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u76c8\uff1b<br \/>\n\u842c\u7269\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u751f\uff1b\u4faf\u738b\u5f97\u4e00\u4ee5\u70ba\u5929\u4e0b<i>\u6b63<\/i> <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef says the last word is \u6b63 (Proper), but in this context, would mean to &#8220;set proper&#8221; or \u5b89\u5b9a(to settle things down). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a> has it as \u8c9e, which the original meaning was to \u535c\u554f (request a divination), which is done in &#8220;purity&#8221; rituals, so it carries the connotation of &#8220;pure&#8221;. So it would be &#8220;to make pure&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>and it goes on with<br \/>\n\u5730\u7121\u4ee5\u5be7\uff0c\u5c07\u6050\u767c (If the earth isn&#8217;t calm, it will explode\/go to waste)<br \/>\nWritten as \u767c &#8220;faat&#8221; (explode, shoot out), but most people believe that it was the precursor word to \u5ee2 (cripple) as in \u8352\u5ee2 (lay waste).<\/p>\n<p>It then follows on with<br \/>\n\u4faf\u738b\u7121\u4ee5<i>\u8cb4<\/i>\u9ad8\u5c07\u6050\u8e76\u3002 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n\u4faf\u738b\u7121\u4ee5<i>\u6b63<\/i>\u9ad8\u5c07\u6050\u8e76\u3002  <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\nWithin the same section, \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef maintains that it is \u6b63, while <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a> has it as \u8cb4 (high value).<\/p>\n<p>Then these two passages are in different orders&#8230;<br \/>\n\u4e0a\u5fb7\u82e5\u8c37\uff1b<B>\u592a\u767d\u82e5\u8fb1\uff1b<\/B>\u5ee3\u5fb7\u82e5\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1b<br \/>\n\u5efa\u5fb7\u82e5\u5077\uff1b\u8cea\u771f\u82e5\u6e1d\uff1b\u5927\u65b9\u7121\u9685\uff1b<br \/>\n\u5927\u5668\u665a\u6210\uff1b\u5927\u97f3\u5e0c\u8072\uff1b\u5927\u8c61\u7121\u5f62\uff1b<br \/>\n\u9053\u96b1\u7121\u540d\u3002\u592b\u552f\u9053\uff0c\u5584\u8cb8\u4e14\u6210\u3002 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u4e0a\u5fb7\u82e5\u8c37\uff1b\u5ee3\u5fb7\u82e5\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1b\u5efa\u5fb7\u82e5\u5077\uff1b<br \/>\n\u8cea\u771f\u82e5\u6e1d\uff1b<B>\u592a\u767d\u82e5\u8fb1\uff1b<\/B>\u5927\u65b9\u7121\u9685\uff1b<br \/>\n\u5927\u5668\u665a\u6210\uff1b\u5927\u97f3\u5e0c\u8072\uff1b\u5927\u8c61\u7121\u5f62\uff1b<br \/>\n\u9053\u96b1\u7121\u540d\u3002\u592b\u552f\u9053\uff0c\u5584\u8cb8\u4e14\u6210\u3002   <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\nOne passage goes out of place, and it throws the whole thing off.<\/p>\n<p>Then, in the line that starts off <a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/?p=2445\">on harmony<\/a>, it goes on with the following phrase:<br \/>\n\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u60e1\uff0c\u552f\u5b64\u3001\u5be1\u3001\u4e0d\u7a40\uff0c\u800c\u738b\u516c\u4ee5\u70ba\u7a31\u3002\u6545\u7269\u6216\u640d\u4e4b\u800c\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u76ca\u4e4b\u800c\u640d\u3002\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u6559\uff0c\u6211\u4ea6\u6559\u4e4b\u3002\u5f37\u6881\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u5176\u6b7b\uff0c\u543e\u5c07\u4ee5\u70ba\u6559\u7236\u3002<br \/>\nHowever, it doesn&#8217;t seem to fit with the rest of that passage, and seems to fit more the passage before. So some people wonder if it was originally text from elsewhere, or false words inserted. Can&#8217;t be sure.<\/p>\n<p>Then, a couple lines down, there&#8217;s this&#8230;<br \/>\n\u8e81\u52dd\u5bd2\u975c\u52dd\u71b1 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u975c\u52dd\u8e81\uff0c\u5bd2\u52dd\u71b1 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\nFrom &#8220;constant action overcoming cold, and quietness overcoming heat&#8221; to &#8220;quietness overcomes constant action, while the calm cold wins over the heat&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u898b\u800c<i>\u540d<\/i> (Without seeing, one can name the item) <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u4e0d\u898b\u800c<i>\u660e<\/i> (Without seeing, one can understand it) <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u7121\u907a\u8eab\u6b83\uff1b\u662f\u70ba<i>\u7fd2<\/i>\u5e38 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u7121\u907a\u8eab\u6b83\uff1b\u662f\u70ba<i>\u7fd2<\/i>\u5e38 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u9053\u751a\u5937\uff0c\u800c<i>\u6c11<\/i>\u597d\u5f91 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u5927\u9053\u751a\u5937\uff0c\u800c<i>\u4eba<\/i>\u597d\u5f91 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\nAccording to \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef, whenever <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laozi\" target=\"_blank\">\u8001\u5b50<\/a> referred to common folk, he used the term \u6c11 (folk, citizens). When he was referring to rulers, he used \u4eba (person\/people). \u597d\u5f91=love to take shortcuts. He also makes a comment on this phrase in the same section:<br \/>\n\u670d\u6587\u7db5\uff0c\u5e36\u5229\u528d\uff0c\u53ad\u98f2\u98df\uff0c\u8ca1\u8ca8\u6709\u9918\uff1b\u662f\u8b02\u76dc<i>\u5938<\/i>. (The magistrates wear ornamented robes, carry sharp swords, pamper themselves in eating and drinking, and have a superabundance of property and wealth; &#8211; such people may be called giant robbers)<br \/>\nWhere some believe it&#8217;s not \u5938 (great, big, exaggerated), but \u7afd (a flute) can also fit the bill, because a flute is a musical device used to lead soldiers into battle, as such, you would be &#8220;leading people to become robbers&#8221; in the case of the above sentence.<\/p>\n<p>Next line&#8230;<br \/>\n\u5584\u5efa\u4e0d\u62d4\uff0c\u5584\u62b1\u8005\u4e0d\u812b\uff0c\u5b50\u5b6b\u4ee5\u796d\u7940\u4e0d\u8f1f <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u5584\u5efa<b>\u8005<\/b>\u4e0d\u62d4\uff0c\u5584\u62b1\u8005\u4e0d\u812b\uff0c\u5b50\u5b6b\u4ee5\u796d\u7940\u4e0d\u8f1f <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Then as it goes on&#8230;<br \/>\n\u4fee\u4e4b\u65bc<i>\u570b<\/i>\uff0c\u5176\u5fb7\u4e43\u8c50 &#8230; \u6545\u4ee5\u8eab\u89c0\u8eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bb6\u89c0\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u9109\u89c0\u9109\uff0c\u4ee5<i>\u570b<\/i>\u89c0<i>\u570b<\/i> <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u4fee\u4e4b\u65bc<i>\u90a6<\/i>\uff0c\u5176\u5fb7\u4e43\u8c50 &#8230; \u6545\u4ee5\u8eab\u89c0\u8eab\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bb6\u89c0\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u9109\u89c0\u9109\uff0c\u4ee5<i>\u90a6<\/i>\u89c0<i>\u90a6<\/i> <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\n<HR><br \/>\n\u5927<i>\u570b<\/i>\u8005\u4e0b\u6d41\uff0c<b>\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4ea4\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u725d<\/b> <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u5927<i>\u90a6<\/i>\u8005\u4e0b\u6d41\uff0c<b>\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u725d\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4ea4<\/b> <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><br \/>\n\u90a6 &#038; \u570b can be interchangeable in this context, but the other two phrases are switched. The rest of the section has the same differences in words.<\/p>\n<p>\u77e5\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e0a\uff1b\u4e0d\u77e5\u77e5\u75c5<br \/>\n\u592b\u552f\u75c5\u75c5\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u75c5\u3002<br \/>\n\u8056\u4eba\u4e0d\u75c5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u75c5\u75c5\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u75c5\u3002 <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u77e5\u4e0d\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0a\uff1b\u4e0d\u77e5\u77e5\uff0c\u75c5<br \/>\n\u8056\u4eba\u4e0d\u75c5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u75c5\u75c5\uff0c<br \/>\n\u592b\u552f\u75c5\u75c5\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0d\u75c5\u3002 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>In the very first line of the section, it&#8217;s the same, but the punctuation and emphasis changes the meaning. After that, there&#8217;s one portion that gets repeated twice above, and is put in a different order than what&#8217;s below.<\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u5927\u6028\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u9918\u6028\uff1b {After reconciling animosity, some will still remain}<br \/>\n\u5b89\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u5584\uff1f (What&#8217;s the best course of action?)<br \/>\n\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u57f7\u5de6\u5951<sup>*<\/sup>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8cac\u65bc\u4eba\u3002 (The sage keeps the left copy of an engagement contract, and doesn&#8217;t require the speedy repayment of the other party.)<br \/>\n\u6709\u5fb7\u53f8\u5951\uff0c\u7121\u5fb7\u53f8\u5fb9<sup>**<\/sup>\u3002(If he has virtue, he would use a debt contract. If he has no virtue, he exacts taxes and rent.)<br \/>\n\u5929\u9053\u7121\u89aa\uff0c\u5e38\u8207\u5584\u4eba\u3002 (The heavenly way is not close\/prejudice, it is always kind to everyone.) <sub><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctext.org\" target=\"_blank\">CText<\/a><\/sub><br \/>\nand<br \/>\n\u548c\u5927\u6028\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u9918\u6028\uff1b<br \/>\n<b>\u62b1\u6028\u4ee5\u5fb7<\/b>\uff0c\u5b89\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u5584\uff1f (<b>Repaying animosity with virtue<\/b>, how could that be the best course of action?)<br \/>\n\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u57f7\u5de6\u5951<sup>*<\/sup>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8cac\u65bc\u4eba\u3002<br \/>\n\u6709\u5fb7\u53f8\u5951\uff0c\u7121\u5fb7\u53f8\u5fb9<sup>**<\/sup>\u3002<br \/>\n\u5929\u9053\u7121\u89aa\uff0c\u5e38\u8207\u5584\u4eba\u3002 <sub>\u674e\u4e2d\u83ef<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>Professor \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef believes that \u4ee5\u5fb7\u5831\u6028 (which is in \u7b2c\u516d\u5341\u4e09\u7ae0[Section 63]) should actually be in this section (\u7b2c\u4e03\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0\/Section 79), as per \u9673\u9f13\u61c9&#8217;s version. Mr. \u674e\u4e2d\u83ef says it&#8217;s likely that it was later generations that misplaced that phrase in Section 63. He also says that &#8220;\u662f\u4ee5\u8056\u4eba\u57f7\u5de6\u5951<sup>*<\/sup>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8cac\u65bc\u4eba\u3002&#8221; (issuing engagement contracts, and not asking for immediate repayment) is the way to avoid any hatred\/animosity. I personally don&#8217;t think it will prevent animosity necessarily, but do think it&#8217;s a way to prevent further animosity from getting beyond anyone&#8217;s control.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=bE81-aywmP4C&#038;pg=PA246&#038;lpg=PA246&#038;dq=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3+%E5%A5%91+%E5%BE%B9+%E6%94%B6%E7%A8%85&#038;source=bl&#038;ots=bTweUyF7Cq&#038;sig=y0iHRCjDDETCND5D4LKRg0Ge1S0&#038;hl=en&#038;sa=X&#038;ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMImsn5or-QxgIV0I6SCh2eqAAE#v=onepage&#038;q=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%20%E5%A5%91%20%E5%BE%B9%20%E6%94%B6%E7%A8%85&#038;f=false\" target=\"_blank\"><sup>*<\/sup>\u5951\uff1dA contract. Originally with the terms and conditions carved in wood or bamboo, and cut in half. The right copy would remain with the issuer (expromissor), and the left copy is given to the creditor\/borrower. The debt issued, will be paid at a later date, settled upon by both parties.<br \/>\n<sup>**<\/sup>\u5fb9\uff1dIs another taxation system the nobility has placed on farmers, with specific dates and deadlines that MUST be met, and are nowhere near as flexible as \u5951.<br \/>\n&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-<br \/>\n\u5951 &#038; \u5fb9: Collecting money with \u5951 is not as strict as taking payments under \u5fb9. Although there is usually a payment date set with \u5951, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laozi\" target=\"_blank\">\u8001\u5b50<\/a> is saying it doesn&#8217;t have to be strictly enforced. \u5fb9 on the other hand, requires means the nobility will strictly come after you for rent, and for using the owner&#8217;s land to have the rights to farm (agricultural indentured servitude).<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I&#8217;ve been taking the lazy man&#8217;s approach to researching the \u9053\u5fb7\u7d93 (Tao Teh Ching) by listening to this lecture found on youtube: And this is where the dilemma with ancient texts begin&#8230; You see, after years and years of hand-copying a classic like this, some inconsistent variations have come about. \u6545\u80fd\u853d\u4e0d\u65b0\u6210 vs \u6545\u80fd\u853d\u800c\u65b0\u6210 According to &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/?p=2544\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Tao Teh Ching: Inconsistancies&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2544"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2544\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.davidcong.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}